Comics is a medium used to express narratives or other ideas through images, usually combined with text. It typically takes the form of a sequence of panels of images. Textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia can indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. The size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and other forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comic albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, while online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.
The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings in France. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished, particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, but the medium truly became popular in the 1930s following the success of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era (1945–) with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka (Astro Boy, et al.). Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and academics.
The term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium itself (e.g. "Comics is a visual art form"), but becomes plural when referring to works collectively (e.g. "Comics are popular reading material"). Though the term derives from the humorous (comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard for non-humorous works too. The alternate spelling comix – coined by the underground comix movement – is sometimes used to address these ambiguities.[1] In English, it is common to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées/B.D. for French-language comics.
There is no consensus among theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects, such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. Increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has only made definition more difficult.
漫画是一种通过图像来表达叙述或其他想法的媒介，通常与文字相结合。它通常采用一系列图像面板的形式。文本手段，如语音气球、字幕和拟声词可以表示对话、叙述、声音效果或其他信息。面板的大小和排列决定了叙事的节奏。漫画和其他插图形式是漫画中最常见的形象塑造手段;fumetti是一种使用摄影图像的形式。常见的形式包括连环画、社论和插科打诨的漫画和漫画书。自20世纪末以来,绑定卷如图画小说,喜剧专辑,和tankōbon已经变得越来越普遍,而在线漫画在21世纪发展迅速。
漫画的历史在不同的文化中走着不同的道路。学者们认为史前可以追溯到法国拉斯科洞穴的绘画。到了20世纪中期，漫画蓬勃发展，尤其是在美国、西欧(尤其是法国和比利时)和日本。欧洲漫画的历史通常可以追溯到19世纪30年代Rodolphe Topffer的连环画，但随着连环画和《丁丁历险记》等书的成功，这种媒体在20世纪30年代真正流行起来。20世纪初，随着报纸连环画的出现，美国漫画成为了一种大众媒介;20世纪30年代，杂志风格的漫画书紧随其后，在1938年超人出现后，超级英雄类型变得突出起来。日本漫画和漫画(manga)的历史可以追溯到12世纪。20世纪初日本出现了现代连环漫画，二战后(1945 -)，随着手冢治虫(铁臂阿童木等)等漫画家的普及，漫画杂志和书籍的产量迅速扩大。漫画在其历史上一直被认为是低俗的，但到了20世纪末，漫画开始越来越被公众和学术界所接受。
连环画一词在指代媒介本身时用作单数名词。“漫画是一种视觉艺术形式”)，但当指的是集体作品时，就变成复数形式(例如:“漫画是受欢迎的阅读材料”)。虽然这个词源于早期美国报纸漫画中占主导地位的幽默作品，但它也已经成为非幽默作品的标准。另一种拼法comix——由地下comix运动创造——有时也被用来解决这些歧义。[1]在英语中，不同文化的漫画通常用其原始语言中的术语来指代，比如日本漫画中的manga或者bandes dessinees /B.D.法语漫画。
理论学家和历史学家对漫画的定义没有共识;有些强调图像和文本的结合，有些强调顺序性或其他图像关系，还有一些强调历史方面，比如大量复制或使用重复出现的字符。来自不同漫画文化和时代的概念不断交叉融合，这只会让定义变得更加困难。
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