Overview
Heterochromia is a rare condition characterized by a difference in color between two eyes (complete heterochromia) or within one eye (sectoral or partial heterochromia). It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired due to injury, disease, or genetic mutations. While it is often harmless, it can occasionally indicate underlying medical conditions, especially if it develops later in life.
Types of Heterochromia
Complete Heterochromia
This occurs when each eye is a different color entirely. For example, one eye might be blue, and the other might be brown.
Sectoral (or Partial) Heterochromia
This occurs when one eye has two different colors, often in the form of a segment or sector. A person might have an eye that is mostly brown with a green or blue patch.
Acquired Heterochromia
Heterochromia can also develop later in life as a result of injury or disease, such as:
- Horner's Syndrome: A rare condition that can cause changes in the iris and pupil size.
- Fuchs' Heterochromic Iridocyclitis: A type of inflammation in the eye that may alter eye color.
- Glaucoma: This can affect the pigmentation of the iris.
- Medications: Certain drugs, especially those used in glaucoma treatment, can change eye color.
- Trauma or Injury: A significant eye injury can lead to pigmentation changes.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Heterochromia itself is generally not associated with other symptoms, but if it occurs suddenly or develops later in life, it may be a sign of an underlying condition. Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, which may include imaging tests and blood work to rule out other causes.
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